1
Bartoletti M, Giannella M, Tedeschi S, Viale P. Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in solid organ transplant candidates and recipients.
Infect Dis Clin North Am 2018;32(3):551-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
idc.2018.04.004
2
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Antimicrobial resistant phenotype definitions. Erişim adresi: https://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/
updates/nhsn-maintenance.html (Erişim tarihi: 30.11.2024).
3
National Cancer Institute. Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse
Events v4.0. NIH publication 09-7473. May 29 2009, NCI, NIH, DHHS.
4
Edwards IR, Biriell C. Harmonisation in pharmacovigilance. Drug
Saf 1994;10:93-102. https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-199410020-
00001
5
The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing.
Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters, version 9.0, 2019. Erişim adresi: http://www.eucast.org/clinical_breakpoints/
6
Cairns KA, Hall V, Martin GE, Griffin DWJ, Stewart JD, Khan SF, et al.
Treatment of invasive IMP-4 Enterobacter cloacae infection in transplant recipients using ceftazidime/avibactam with aztreonam: A
case series and literature review. Transpl Infect Dis 2021;23(2):e13510.
https://doi.org/10.1111/tid.13510
7
Munoz-Price LS, Poirel L, Bonomo RA, Schwaber MJ, Daikos GL, Cormican M, et al. Clinical epidemiology of the global expansion of Klebsiella
pneumoniae carbapenemases. Lancet Infect Dis 2013;13(9):785-96.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70190-7
8
Logan LK, Renschler JP, Gandra S, Weinstein RA, Laxminarayan R,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Epicenters Program. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in children, United States,
1999-2012. Emerg Infect Dis 2015;21:2014-21. https://doi.org/10.3201/
eid2111.150548
9
Logan LK, Gandra S, Mandal S, Klein EY, Levinson J, Weinstein RA, et al.
Prevention Epicenters Program, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. Multidrug- and carbapenemresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in children, United States, 1999-2012. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc
2016;6:352-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piw064
10
Logan LK, Gandra S, Trett A, Weinstein RA, Laxminarayan R. Acinetobacter baumannii resistance trends in children in the United States,
1999-2012. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2019;8:136-42. https://doi.
org/10.1093/jpids/piy018
11
Caselli D, Cesaro S, Fagioli F, Carraro F, Ziino O, Zanazzo G, et al. Incidence of colonization and kan yolu infection with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in children receiving antineoplastic chemotherapy in Italy. Infect Dis (Lond) 2016;48:152-5. https://doi.org/10.31
09/23744235.2015.1087647
12
Theuretzbacher U. Global antimicrobial resistance in gram-negative
pathogens and clinical need. Curr Opin Microbiol 2017;39:106-12.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2017.10.028
13
Guh AY, Bulens SN, Mu Y, Jacob JT, Reno J, Scott J, et al. Epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in 7 US communities, 2012-2013. JAMA 2015;314:1479-87. https://doi.org/10.1001/
jama.2015.12480
14
Jajoo M, Manchanda V, Chaurasia S, Sankar MJ, Gautam H, Agarwal
R, et al. Alarming rates of antimicrobial resistance and fungal sepsis in
outborn neonates in North India. PLoS One 2018;13:e0180705. https://
doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180705
15
Sekar R, Mythreyee M, Srivani S, Sivakumaran D, Lallitha S, Saranya
S. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in pediatric infections
in rural southern India. Indian Pediatr 2017;54:1021-4. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s13312-017-1204-1
16
Alp E, Perçin D, Colakoglu S, Durmaz S, Kurkcu CA, Ekincioglu P, et
al. Molecular characterization of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella
pneumoniae in a tertiary university hospital in Turkey. J Hosp Infect
2013;84:178-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2013.03.002
17
Herruzo R, Ruiz G, Perez-Blanco V, Gallego S, Mora E, Vizcaino MJ, et
al. Bla-OXA48 gene microorganisms outbreak, in a tertiary children’s
hospital, over 3 years (2012-2014): Case report. Medicine (Baltimore)
2017;96:e7665. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000007665
18
Alvares PA, Arnoni MV, da Silva CB, Sáfadi MAP, Mimica MJ. Hospital-acquired infections in children: A Latin American Tertiary teaching hospital 5-year experience. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2019;38(1):e12-e14. https://
doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000002046
19
Montagnani C, Prato M, Scolfaro C, Colombo S, Esposito S, Tagliabue
C, et al. Carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2016;35:862-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/
INF.0000000000001188
20
Alvares PA, Arnoni MV, da Silva CB, Sáfadi MAP, Mimica MJ. Carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative infections in critically ill children: outcome
and risk factors in a tertiary teaching hospital in South America. J Hosp
Infect 2019;101:188-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2018.10.001
21
Chiotos K, Tamma PD, Flett KB, Karandikar MV, Nemati K, Bilker WB, et
al. Increased 30-day mortality associated with carbapenem-resistant
Enterobacteriaceae in children. Open Forum Infect Dis 2018;5:222.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy222
22
Logan LK, Nguyen DC, Scaggs Huang FA, Qureshi NK, Charnot-Katsikas
A, Bartlett AH, et al. A multi-centered case-case control study of factors
associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae infections in children and young adults. Pediatr Infect
Dis J 2019;38:490-5. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000002176
23
Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, Falagas ME, Giske CG, Harbarth
S, et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard
definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012;18:268-
81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x
24
Dong F, Zhang Y, Yao K, Lu J, Guo L, Lyu S, et al. Epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumonia infections in a Chinese children’s
hospital: predominance of New Delhi metallo--lactamase-1. Microb
Drug Resist 2018;24:154-60. https://doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2017.0031
25
Nabarro LEB, Shankar C, Pragasam AK, Mathew G, Jeyaseelan V, Veeraraghavan B, et al. Clinical and bacterial risk factors for mortality in
children with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriacea infections
in India. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2017;36:161-6. https://doi.org/10.1097/
INF.0000000000001499
26
Díaz A, Ortiz DC, Trujillo M, Garcés C, Jaimes F, Restrepo AV. Clinical
characteristics of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infections in ill and colonized children in Colombia. Pediatr Infect Dis J
2016;35:237-41. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000000987
27
Taoufik L, Amrani Hanchi A, Fatiha B, Nissrine S, Mrabih Rabou MF,
Nabila S. Emergence of OXA-48 carbapenemase producing Klebsiella
pneumoniae in a neonatal intensive care unit in Marrakech, Morocco. Clin Med Insights Pediatr 2019;13:1179556519834524. https://doi.
org/10.1177/1179556519834524
28
Pannaraj PS, Bard JD, Cerini C, Weissman SJ. Pediatric carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Los Angeles, California, a high prevalence
region in the United States. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2015;34:11-6. https://doi.
org/10.1097/INF.0000000000000471
29
Maltezou HC, Kontopidou F, Katerelos P, Daikos G, Roilides E, Theodoridou M. Infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram negative
pathogens in hospitalized children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2013;32:151-4.
https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e3182804b49
30
Little ML, Qin X, Zerr DM, Weissman SJ. Molecular diversity in mechanisms of carbapenem resistance in paediatric Enterobacteriaceae. Int
J Antimicrob Agents 2012;39:52-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.09.014
31
Nour I, Eldegla HE, Nasef N, Shouman B, Abdel-Hady H, Shabaan AE.
Risk factors and clinical outcomes for carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative late-onset sepsis in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect
2017;97:52-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2017.05.025
32
Sahbudak Bal Z, Bekmezci N, Soylu M, Sen S, Avcu G, Aydemir S, et
al. The prospective evaluation of risk factors and clinical influence of
carbapenem resistance in children with gram-negative bacteria infection. Am J Infect Control 2018;46:147-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ajic.2017.08.013
33
Chiotos K, Tamma PD, Flett KB, Naumann M, Karandikar MV, Bilker WB,
et al. Multicenter study of the risk factors for colonization or infection
with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017;61:e01440-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/
AAC.01440-17
34
Tumbarello M, Losito AR, Giamarellou H. Optimizing therapy in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis
2018;31:566-77. https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0000000000000493
35
Ozsurekci Y, Aykac K, Cengiz AB, Basaranoglu ST, Sancak B, Karahan
S, et al. Kan yolu infections in children caused by carbapenem-resistant versus carbapenem-susceptible gram-negative microorganisms:
risk factors and outcome. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2017;87:359-64.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.12.013
36
Ulu-Kilic A, Alp E, Percin D, Cevahir F, Altay-Kürkçü C, Ozturk AA. Risk
factors for carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae rectal colonization in pediatric units. J Infect Dev Ctries 2014;8:1361-4. https://doi.
org/10.3855/jidc.4593
37
Cohen-Wolkowiez M, Poindexter B, Bidegain M, Weitkamp J-H, Schelonka RL, Randolph DA, et al, Meropenem Study Team. 2012. Safety and
effectiveness of meropenem in infants with suspected or complicated
intra-abdominal infections. Clin Infect Dis 2012;55:1495-502. https://
doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis758
38
Parker EM, Hutchison M, Blumer JL. The pharmacokinetics of meropenem in infants and children: a population analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995;36:63-71. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/36.suppl_A.63
39
Kuti JL, Dandekar PK, Nightingale CH, Nicolau DP. Use of Monte Carlo
simulation to design an optimized pharmacodynamic dosing strategy for meropenem. J Clin Pharmacol 2033;43:1116-23. https://doi.
org/10.1177/0091270003257225
40
Hsu AJ, Tamma PD. Treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram negative
infections in children. Clin Infect Dis 2014;58:1439-48. https://doi.
org/10.1093/cid/ciu069
41
Cies JJ, Moore WS, Enache A, Chopra A, Chopra A. Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic target attainment of meropenem in
critically ill young children. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2017;22:276-85.
https://doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-22.4.276
42
Zheng G, Zhang J, Wang B, Cai J, Wang L, Hou K, et al. Ceftazidim-avibactam in combination with in vitro non-susceptible antimicrobials
versus seftazidim-avibaktam in monotherapy in critically ill patients
with carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection: A retrospective cohort study. Infect Dis Ther 2021;10(3):1699-713. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s40121-021-00479-7
43
Asempa TE, Abdelraouf K, Nicolau DP. Metallo-blactamase resistance
in Enterobacteriaceae is an artefact of currently utilized antimicrobial
susceptibility testing methods. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020;75(4):997-
1005. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkz532
44
Abdelraouf K, Reyes S, Nicolau DP. The paradoxical in vivo activity
of b-lactams against metallo-b-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales is not restricted to carbapenems. J Antimicrob Chemother
2021;76(3):684-91. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkaa467
45
Karaiskos I, Souli M, Galani I, Giamarellou H. Colistin: still a life saver
for the 21st century? Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2017;13:59-71.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17425255.2017.1230200
46
Karaiskos I, Lagou S, Pontikis K, Rapti V, Poulakou G. The, ‘’old’’ and the
‘’new’’ antibiotics for MDR gram-negative pathogens: for whom, when,
and how. Front Public Health 2019;7:151. https://doi.org/10.3389/
fpubh.2019.00151
47
Liang Q, Huang M, Xu Z. Early use of polymyxin B reduces the mortality
of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Braz J Infect
Dis 2019;23(1):60-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2018.12.004
48
Rodriguez BA, Girotto JE, Nicolau DP. Ceftazidime/avibactam and
ceftolozane/tazobactam: novel therapy for multidrug resistant Gram
negative infections in children. Curr Pediatr Rev 2018;14:97-109.
https://doi.org/10.2174/1573396314666180308150908
49
European Medicines Agency. Zavicefta: summary of product characteristics, 2018. Erişim adresi: http://www.ema.europa.eu (Erişim tarihi:
16.03.2018).
50
Food and Drug Administration. Avycaz (ceftazidime and avibactam) for
injection, for intravenous use: US prescribing information, 2018. Erişim
adresi: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov (Erişim tarih: 16.03.2018).
51
Logan LK. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: an emerging problem in children. Clin Infect Dis 2012;55:852-9. https://doi.
org/10.1093/cid/cis543
52
Trecarichi EM, Pagano L, Candoni A, Pastore D, Cattaneo C, Fanci R,
et al. Current epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance data for
bacterial kan yolu infections in patients with hematologic malignancies: an Italian multicentre prospective survey. Clin Microbiol Infect
2015;21(4):337-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2014.11.022
53
Wright H, Bonomo RA, Paterson DL. New agents for the treatment
of infections with Gram-negative bacteria: restoring the miracle or
false dawn? Clin Microbiol Infect 2017;23(10):704-12. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.cmi.2017.09.001
54
Magiorakos AP, Carey SRB, Carmeli Y, Falagas ME, Giske CG, Harbarth
S, et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard
definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012;18(3):268-
81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x